To correctly deal with the great number of transport cargos, which can reach up to 15% of the total proteome in humans, protein sorting receptors are required in great number and diversity. The COPII machinery selects the well-folded and active cargo at the ER exit sites for further export in membrane-bound vesicles toward the Golgi. In the early secretory pathway, the transport of proteins between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the cis-Golgi face (anterograde transport) is mediated by the well-known coat protein complex II (COPII), whereas the retrograde transport is controlled by the coat protein complex I (COPI). The transport of protein cargos in the heart of the secretory pathway is mediated by coated vesicles and multiple accessory proteins, ,, ]. A molecular dynamics description of the dimer stabilization, with a phylogenetic analysis of the residues important for the oligomerization and a model for the orientation towards the lipid membrane, are also presented. The crystal structure showed a dimer formation that is also present in solution in a salt-dependent manner, suggesting that the GOLD domain can form homodimers in solution even in the absence of the TMED1 coiled-coil region.
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Here, we describe the first high-resolution structure of a TMED1 GOLD representative and its biophysical characterization in solution. Besides, although the presence of a TMED homo-oligomerization was suggested previously based on crystallographic contacts observed for the isolated Golgi Dynamics (GOLD) domain, no further analyses of its presence in solution were done. Although essential during the bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi, there is still a lack of information regarding the TMED's structure across different subfamilies. He lives in South London, England.The transmembrane emp24 domain-containing (TMED) proteins, also called p24 proteins, are members of a family of sorting receptors present in all representatives of the Eukarya and abundantly present in all subcompartments of the early secretory pathway, namely the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi, and the intermediate compartment. A Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, he has previously written books on Bosworth, Agincourt, and Stalingrad. in History from Bristol University and has taught at Glasgow University and Winchester College.
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When besieging German troops heard its defiant broadcast one remarked: "We began to understand we would never take Leningrad." A riveting account of one of the most harrowing sieges in world history, Leningrad pays tribute to the astonishing power of the human will in the face of even the most dire catastrophe.Michael Jones has a Ph.D. At the height of the siege, for instance, an extraordinary live performance of Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony profoundly strengthened the city's will to resist. But he also explores the immense psychological resources on which citizens of Leningrad drew to survive against desperate odds. Drawing on newly available eyewitness accounts and diaries, he exposes the true horror of the ordeal - including stories long-suppressed by the Soviets of looting, criminal gangs, and cannibalism. In Leningrad, military historian Michael Jones tells the human story of this epic siege.
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Those who survived would be marked permanently by what they endured as the city descended into chaos. By the time the siege ended in January 1944, more than a million people had died. In this struggle for survival, we have no interest in keeping even a proportion of the city's population alive." During the 900-day siege of Leningrad, the German High Command deliberately planned to eradicate the city's population through starvation.
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"The problem of housing and feeding the people cannot and should not be solved by us. "All offers of surrender from Leningrad must be rejected," ordered Adolf Hitler on September 22, 1941, as Operation Barbarossa unfolded.